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To meet product safety, environmental protection, and health requirements, materials and products using pigments must comply with regulatory requirements in countries and regions around the world. The most important and concerning of these are requirements for chemical substance control, particularly the chemical requirements for colorants, which are important additives in product materials. These requirements cover a wide range of consumer products, including toys, textile materials and accessories (such as zippers and buttons), cosmetics (such as nail polish and lipstick), electronic and electrical products, food containers and food contact materials or products, and automotive materials.
Toxicidade aguda de produtos químicos
The most commonly used metric for measuring acute toxicity is the LD50 (lethal dose). LD50 stands for the median lethal dose. A simple definition is the dose required to cause death in 50% of a group of test animals, such as rats. The LD50 is expressed in mg/kg body weight. Lower LD50 values indicate a more potent poison; higher LD50 values indicate a less toxic poison. The European Union defines three acute toxicity categories (rat oral) for substances.
LD50 ≤ 25 mg/kg; extremely toxic
LD50 = 25-200 mg/kg; toxic
LD50 = 200-2000 mg/kg; harmful
Regarding the acute toxicity of colorants, a monograph reviewed 194 pigments and found that the majority had oral LD50 values greater than 5000 mg/kg, with no reported values below 2000 mg/kg. Considering that the oral LD50 value of table salt (NaCl) is 3000 mg/kg, this would be equivalent to an average-weight person ingesting 350g of pigment, which is unlikely. Therefore, the conclusion is that colorants generally have low acute toxicity. Pigments are typically excreted through the gastrointestinal tract, not through the urine.
Impurezas em pigmentos orgânicos
Organic pigments are widely used as colorants in plastic consumer products, cosmetics, toys, and food packaging. Therefore, in addition to the toxicological and ecological properties of the pure pigments, the potential for trace impurities generated during production must be considered, potentially impacting their use in these consumer products. Possible impurities are listed below.
(1) Certain heavy metal compounds Some organic pigments (C.I. Pigment Red 48:1) use heavy metal salts (barium) as pigments and are therefore not recommended for use in food packaging materials and toys.
(2) Aromatic amines Aromatic amines are only allowed to appear in very low amounts as components of pigment synthesis in organic pigments. For use in food contact packaging materials, the upper limit has been clearly defined: Aromatic primary amines: <500ppm (mg/kg, total amount); 4-aminobiphenyl, benzidine, 2-naphthylamine, 2-methyl-4-chloroaniline: <10ppm (mg/kg, total amount).
(3) Polychlorinated biphenyls Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are mainly harmful because their persistent residues in the environment are more harmful than to humans. In the EU, chemicals containing 50ppm or more of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) or PCTs are classified as polychlorinated biphenyls.
(4) Dioxins Pigment Violet 23 is prepared by condensing tetrachlorobenzoquinone with N-ethylcarbazole. During the synthesis process, a small amount of dioxins is inevitably formed.
Segurança dos pigmentos de bisclorobifenil
Yellow-orange organic pigments synthesized from 3,3-bischlorobenzidine (DCB) are important azo pigments. DCB pigments are a key component of plastic coloring due to their vibrant color, high tinting strength, and affordability. Examples include Pigment Yellow 13, 14, 17, 81, and 83, and Pigment Orange 13 and 34.
Concerns persist about whether DCB series pigments used in chemical fiber non-woven textile materials, clothing zippers and button accessories, and food packaging materials meet the safety requirements of domestic and international ecological and environmental regulations.
Bischlorobenzidine is a probable carcinogen. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classifies compounds into three categories based on their carcinogenicity: 1 – Carcinogenic to humans; 2A – Probably carcinogenic to humans; and 2B – Possibly carcinogenic to humans.
Bischlorobenzidine is a Category 2B carcinogen, and its carcinogenicity primarily occurs through the formation of adducts with nucleotides (DNA), leading to DNA mutagenesis. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are highly bioaccumulative and difficult to biodegrade, significantly damaging the human endocrine system. Consequently, strict international regulations exist. The European Union prohibits the use of products containing PCBs exceeding 10 mg/kg; the United States prohibits the production, processing, sale, and use of products containing PCBs exceeding 25 mg/kg. The International Association for Research and Testing of Textile Ecology (Oske-Tex Standard 100 Special Technical Conditions for General Machines) stipulates that the content of 24 aromatic amines shall not exceed 20 mg/kg, and DCB is listed among them, see Table 1.
Tabela 1. A Oeko-Tex Standard 100 lista 24 aminas aromáticas
Número de série
nome
Número CAS
Número de série
nome
Número CAS
1
4-Aminoanilina
92-67-1
13
3,3-Dimetil-4,4-diaminodifenilmetano
838-88-0
2
Benzidina
92-87-5
14
2-Metoxi-5-metilanilina
120-71-8
3
2-Metil-4-benzidina
95-69-2
15
4,4-Metilenobis(o-cloroanilina)
101-14-4
4
2-Naftilamina
91-59-8
16
Éter 4,4-diaminodifenílico
101-80-4
5
o-Aminoazotolueno
97-56-3
17
4,4-Diaminodifenil sulfeto
139-65-1
6
2-Amino-4-nitrotoluidina
99-55-8
18
o-Benzilamina
95-53-4
7
p-Cloroanilina
106-47-8
19
2,4-Diaminotolueno
95-80-7
8
2,4-Diaminoanisol
615-05-4
20
2,4,5-Trimetilanilina
137-17-7
9
4,4-Diaminodifenilmetano
101-77-9
21
o-Anisidina
90-04-0
10
3,3-dicloroanilina
91-94-1
22
2,4-Dimetilanilina
95-68-1
11
3,3-Dimetoxibenzidina
119-90-4
23
2,6-Dimetilanilina
87-62-7
12
3,3-Dimetilbenzidina
119-93-7
24
p-Aminoazobenzeno
1960-9-3
Observação: Categoria 1: Aminas aromáticas que são carcinogênicas para humanos (4 tipos, 1 a 4);
Categoria 2: Aminas aromáticas que são carcinogênicas para animais e podem ser carcinogênicas para humanos (20 tipos, 5 a 24).
Metais pesados em pigmentos inorgânicos
Com exceção do dióxido de titânio, do negro de fumo e do ultramarino, todos os pigmentos inorgânicos contêm metais pesados. Como outras substâncias, os metais pesados são considerados perigosos para os seres humanos e o meio ambiente quando presentes acima de determinadas concentrações. A presença de outros metais pesados depende do tipo e da forma do metal pesado.
4.1 Metal pesado cromo
Os óxidos de cromo contêm cromo trivalente ou hexavalente, e seus efeitos variam significativamente. Os compostos de cromo hexavalente (cromatos) têm uma forte tendência a se transformar em compostos de cromo trivalente, liberando oxigênio, o que resulta em fortes efeitos oxidantes e tóxicos nos organismos. Eles são até 1.000 vezes mais tóxicos para humanos, animais e plantas do que os compostos de cromo trivalente.
Pigmentos de cromato de chumbo: Os pigmentos de cromato de chumbo contêm chumbo e cromo hexavalente, ambos com riscos crônicos. O cromato de chumbo é um composto de chumbo de baixa solubilidade. O chumbo dissolvido é encontrado no ácido clorídrico e no ácido gástrico em concentrações que levam ao acúmulo de chumbo no corpo. A ingestão de altos níveis de chumbo pode interromper a síntese de hemoglobina. Como medida de precaução, a União Europeia classificou o cromato de chumbo como um carcinógeno de Categoria 3 (potencial carcinogênico suspeito).
Pigmento verde de óxido de cromo O pigmento verde de óxido de cromo contém apenas cromo trivalente. Em condições naturais, nenhuma partícula de cromo livre é liberada do pigmento verde de óxido de cromo. Mesmo em condições de forte acidez (pH = 1-2), apenas uma pequena quantidade (mg/kg) de cromo (III) é liberada. O óxido de cromo (III) só pode ser oxidado a cromo (VI) quando aquecido, especialmente em condições alcalinas.
4.2 Metal pesado cádmio
Cadmium pigments are compounds with low solubility, but are soluble in dilute acid (at concentrations equivalent to gastric acid). Long-term oral ingestion of cadmium pigments can cause accumulation in the body. The European Commission has classified cadmium sulfide as a Class III carcinogen, but cadmium pigments are not included.
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