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To meet product safety, environmental protection, and health requirements, materials and products using pigments must comply with regulatory requirements in countries and regions around the world. The most important and concerning of these are requirements for chemical substance control, particularly the chemical requirements for colorants, which are important additives in product materials. These requirements cover a wide range of consumer products, including toys, textile materials and accessories (such as zippers and buttons), cosmetics (such as nail polish and lipstick), electronic and electrical products, food containers and food contact materials or products, and automotive materials.
Tossicità acuta delle sostanze chimiche
The most commonly used metric for measuring acute toxicity is the LD50 (lethal dose). LD50 stands for the median lethal dose. A simple definition is the dose required to cause death in 50% of a group of test animals, such as rats. The LD50 is expressed in mg/kg body weight. Lower LD50 values indicate a more potent poison; higher LD50 values indicate a less toxic poison. The European Union defines three acute toxicity categories (rat oral) for substances.
LD50 ≤ 25 mg/kg; extremely toxic
LD50 = 25-200 mg/kg; toxic
LD50 = 200-2000 mg/kg; harmful
Regarding the acute toxicity of colorants, a monograph reviewed 194 pigments and found that the majority had oral LD50 values greater than 5000 mg/kg, with no reported values below 2000 mg/kg. Considering that the oral LD50 value of table salt (NaCl) is 3000 mg/kg, this would be equivalent to an average-weight person ingesting 350g of pigment, which is unlikely. Therefore, the conclusion is that colorants generally have low acute toxicity. Pigments are typically excreted through the gastrointestinal tract, not through the urine.
Impurità nei pigmenti organici
Organic pigments are widely used as colorants in plastic consumer products, cosmetics, toys, and food packaging. Therefore, in addition to the toxicological and ecological properties of the pure pigments, the potential for trace impurities generated during production must be considered, potentially impacting their use in these consumer products. Possible impurities are listed below.
(1) Certain heavy metal compounds Some organic pigments (C.I. Pigment Red 48:1) use heavy metal salts (barium) as pigments and are therefore not recommended for use in food packaging materials and toys.
(2) Aromatic amines Aromatic amines are only allowed to appear in very low amounts as components of pigment synthesis in organic pigments. For use in food contact packaging materials, the upper limit has been clearly defined: Aromatic primary amines: <500ppm (mg/kg, total amount); 4-aminobiphenyl, benzidine, 2-naphthylamine, 2-methyl-4-chloroaniline: <10ppm (mg/kg, total amount).
(3) Polychlorinated biphenyls Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are mainly harmful because their persistent residues in the environment are more harmful than to humans. In the EU, chemicals containing 50ppm or more of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) or PCTs are classified as polychlorinated biphenyls.
(4) Dioxins Pigment Violet 23 is prepared by condensing tetrachlorobenzoquinone with N-ethylcarbazole. During the synthesis process, a small amount of dioxins is inevitably formed.
Sicurezza dei pigmenti di bisclorobifenile
Yellow-orange organic pigments synthesized from 3,3-bischlorobenzidine (DCB) are important azo pigments. DCB pigments are a key component of plastic coloring due to their vibrant color, high tinting strength, and affordability. Examples include Pigment Yellow 13, 14, 17, 81, and 83, and Pigment Orange 13 and 34.
Concerns persist about whether DCB series pigments used in chemical fiber non-woven textile materials, clothing zippers and button accessories, and food packaging materials meet the safety requirements of domestic and international ecological and environmental regulations.
Bischlorobenzidine is a probable carcinogen. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classifies compounds into three categories based on their carcinogenicity: 1 – Carcinogenic to humans; 2A – Probably carcinogenic to humans; and 2B – Possibly carcinogenic to humans.
Bischlorobenzidine is a Category 2B carcinogen, and its carcinogenicity primarily occurs through the formation of adducts with nucleotides (DNA), leading to DNA mutagenesis. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are highly bioaccumulative and difficult to biodegrade, significantly damaging the human endocrine system. Consequently, strict international regulations exist. The European Union prohibits the use of products containing PCBs exceeding 10 mg/kg; the United States prohibits the production, processing, sale, and use of products containing PCBs exceeding 25 mg/kg. The International Association for Research and Testing of Textile Ecology (Oske-Tex Standard 100 Special Technical Conditions for General Machines) stipulates that the content of 24 aromatic amines shall not exceed 20 mg/kg, and DCB is listed among them, see Table 1.
Tabella 1. L'Oeko-Tex Standard 100 elenca 24 ammine aromatiche
Numero di serie
nome
Numero CAS
Numero di serie
nome
Numero CAS
1
4-aminoanilina
92-67-1
13
3,3-dimetil-4,4-diaminodifenilmetano
838-88-0
2
Benzidina
92-87-5
14
2-metossi-5-metilanilina
120-71-8
3
2-metil-4-benzidina
95-69-2
15
4,4-Metilenebis(o-cloroanilina)
101-14-4
4
2-naftilammina
91-59-8
16
4,4-Diamminodifenil etere
101-80-4
5
o-aminoazotoluene
97-56-3
17
4,4-Diamminodifenilsolfuro
139-65-1
6
2-Ammino-4-nitrotoluidina
99-55-8
18
o-Benzilammina
95-53-4
7
p-Cloroanilina
106-47-8
19
2,4-Diamminotoluene
95-80-7
8
2,4-diamminoanisolo
615-05-4
20
2,4,5-Trimetilanilina
137-17-7
9
4,4-Diamminodifenilmetano
101-77-9
21
o-Anisidina
90-04-0
10
3,3-dicloroanilina
91-94-1
22
2,4-dimetilanilina
95-68-1
11
3,3-dimetossibenzidina
119-90-4
23
2,6-dimetilanilina
87-62-7
12
3,3-dimetilbenzidina
119-93-7
24
p-aminoazobenzene
1960-9-3
Nota: Categoria 1: Ammine aromatiche cancerogene per l'uomo (4 tipi, da 1 a 4);
Categoria 2: Ammine aromatiche che sono cancerogene per gli animali e possono essere cancerogene per l'uomo (20 tipi, da 5 a 24).
Metalli pesanti nei pigmenti inorganici
Ad eccezione del biossido di titanio, del nero carbone e dell'oltremare, tutti i pigmenti inorganici contengono metalli pesanti. Come altre sostanze, i metalli pesanti sono considerati pericolosi per l'uomo e per l'ambiente quando sono presenti al di sopra di determinate concentrazioni. La presenza di altri metalli pesanti dipende dal tipo e dalla forma del metallo pesante.
4.1 Cromo metallo pesante
Gli ossidi di cromo contengono cromo trivalente o esavalente e i loro effetti variano notevolmente. I composti di cromo esavalente (cromati) hanno una forte tendenza a trasformarsi in composti di cromo trivalente, rilasciando ossigeno e provocando forti effetti ossidanti e tossici sugli organismi. Per l'uomo, gli animali e le piante sono fino a 1.000 volte più tossici dei composti di cromo trivalente.
Pigmenti al piombo cromato: I pigmenti di cromato di piombo contengono piombo e cromo esavalente, entrambi a rischio cronico. Il cromato di piombo è un composto di piombo a bassa solubilità. Il piombo disciolto si trova nell'acido cloridrico e nell'acido gastrico in concentrazioni che portano all'accumulo di piombo nell'organismo. L'ingestione di alti livelli di piombo può disturbare la sintesi dell'emoglobina. Come misura precauzionale, l'Unione Europea ha classificato il cromato di piombo come cancerogeno di categoria 3 (sospetto potenziale cancerogeno).
Pigmento verde all'ossido di cromo Il pigmento verde all'ossido di cromo contiene solo cromo trivalente. In condizioni naturali, dal pigmento verde di ossido di cromo non vengono rilasciate particelle di cromo libero. Anche in condizioni di forte acidità (pH = 1-2), viene rilasciata solo una piccola quantità (mg/kg) di cromo (III). L'ossido di cromo (III) può essere ossidato a cromo (VI) solo se riscaldato, soprattutto in condizioni alcaline.
4.2 Cadmio metallo pesante
Cadmium pigments are compounds with low solubility, but are soluble in dilute acid (at concentrations equivalent to gastric acid). Long-term oral ingestion of cadmium pigments can cause accumulation in the body. The European Commission has classified cadmium sulfide as a Class III carcinogen, but cadmium pigments are not included.
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Il loro sito web presenta anche tutorial di nail art, come ad esempio: