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To meet product safety, environmental protection, and health requirements, materials and products using pigments must comply with regulatory requirements in countries and regions around the world. The most important and concerning of these are requirements for chemical substance control, particularly the chemical requirements for colorants, which are important additives in product materials. These requirements cover a wide range of consumer products, including toys, textile materials and accessories (such as zippers and buttons), cosmetics (such as nail polish and lipstick), electronic and electrical products, food containers and food contact materials or products, and automotive materials.
Akute Toxizität von Chemikalien
The most commonly used metric for measuring acute toxicity is the LD50 (lethal dose). LD50 stands for the median lethal dose. A simple definition is the dose required to cause death in 50% of a group of test animals, such as rats. The LD50 is expressed in mg/kg body weight. Lower LD50 values indicate a more potent poison; higher LD50 values indicate a less toxic poison. The European Union defines three acute toxicity categories (rat oral) for substances.
LD50 ≤ 25 mg/kg; extremely toxic
LD50 = 25-200 mg/kg; toxic
LD50 = 200-2000 mg/kg; harmful
Regarding the acute toxicity of colorants, a monograph reviewed 194 pigments and found that the majority had oral LD50 values greater than 5000 mg/kg, with no reported values below 2000 mg/kg. Considering that the oral LD50 value of table salt (NaCl) is 3000 mg/kg, this would be equivalent to an average-weight person ingesting 350g of pigment, which is unlikely. Therefore, the conclusion is that colorants generally have low acute toxicity. Pigments are typically excreted through the gastrointestinal tract, not through the urine.
Verunreinigungen in organischen Pigmenten
Organic pigments are widely used as colorants in plastic consumer products, cosmetics, toys, and food packaging. Therefore, in addition to the toxicological and ecological properties of the pure pigments, the potential for trace impurities generated during production must be considered, potentially impacting their use in these consumer products. Possible impurities are listed below.
(1) Certain heavy metal compounds Some organic pigments (C.I. Pigment Red 48:1) use heavy metal salts (barium) as pigments and are therefore not recommended for use in food packaging materials and toys.
(2) Aromatic amines Aromatic amines are only allowed to appear in very low amounts as components of pigment synthesis in organic pigments. For use in food contact packaging materials, the upper limit has been clearly defined: Aromatic primary amines: <500ppm (mg/kg, total amount); 4-aminobiphenyl, benzidine, 2-naphthylamine, 2-methyl-4-chloroaniline: <10ppm (mg/kg, total amount).
(3) Polychlorinated biphenyls Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are mainly harmful because their persistent residues in the environment are more harmful than to humans. In the EU, chemicals containing 50ppm or more of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) or PCTs are classified as polychlorinated biphenyls.
(4) Dioxins Pigment Violet 23 is prepared by condensing tetrachlorobenzoquinone with N-ethylcarbazole. During the synthesis process, a small amount of dioxins is inevitably formed.
Sicherheit von Bischlorbiphenylpigmenten
Yellow-orange organic pigments synthesized from 3,3-bischlorobenzidine (DCB) are important azo pigments. DCB pigments are a key component of plastic coloring due to their vibrant color, high tinting strength, and affordability. Examples include Pigment Yellow 13, 14, 17, 81, and 83, and Pigment Orange 13 and 34.
Concerns persist about whether DCB series pigments used in chemical fiber non-woven textile materials, clothing zippers and button accessories, and food packaging materials meet the safety requirements of domestic and international ecological and environmental regulations.
Bischlorobenzidine is a probable carcinogen. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classifies compounds into three categories based on their carcinogenicity: 1 – Carcinogenic to humans; 2A – Probably carcinogenic to humans; and 2B – Possibly carcinogenic to humans.
Bischlorobenzidine is a Category 2B carcinogen, and its carcinogenicity primarily occurs through the formation of adducts with nucleotides (DNA), leading to DNA mutagenesis. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are highly bioaccumulative and difficult to biodegrade, significantly damaging the human endocrine system. Consequently, strict international regulations exist. The European Union prohibits the use of products containing PCBs exceeding 10 mg/kg; the United States prohibits the production, processing, sale, and use of products containing PCBs exceeding 25 mg/kg. The International Association for Research and Testing of Textile Ecology (Oske-Tex Standard 100 Special Technical Conditions for General Machines) stipulates that the content of 24 aromatic amines shall not exceed 20 mg/kg, and DCB is listed among them, see Table 1.
Tabelle 1. Der Öko-Tex Standard 100 listet 24 aromatische Amine auf
Seriennummer
Name
CAS-Nummer
Seriennummer
Name
CAS-Nummer
1
4-Aminoanilin
92-67-1
13
3,3-Dimethyl-4,4-diaminodiphenylmethan
838-88-0
2
Benzidin
92-87-5
14
2-Methoxy-5-methylanilin
120-71-8
3
2-Methyl-4-benzidin
95-69-2
15
4,4-Methylenbis(o-chloroanilin)
101-14-4
4
2-Naphthylamin
91-59-8
16
4,4-Diaminodiphenylether
101-80-4
5
o-Aminoazotoluol
97-56-3
17
4,4-Diaminodiphenylsulfid
139-65-1
6
2-Amino-4-nitrotoluidin
99-55-8
18
o-Benzylamin
95-53-4
7
p-Chloranilin
106-47-8
19
2,4-Diaminotoluol
95-80-7
8
2,4-Diaminoanisol
615-05-4
20
2,4,5-Trimethylanilin
137-17-7
9
4,4-Diaminodiphenylmethan
101-77-9
21
o-Anisidin
90-04-0
10
3,3-Dichloranilin
91-94-1
22
2,4-Dimethylanilin
95-68-1
11
3,3-Dimethoxybenzidin
119-90-4
23
2,6-Dimethylanilin
87-62-7
12
3,3-Dimethylbenzidin
119-93-7
24
p-Aminoazobenzol
1960-9-3
Anmerkung: Kategorie 1: Aromatische Amine, die für den Menschen krebserregend sind (4 Typen, 1 bis 4);
Kategorie 2: Aromatische Amine, die für Tiere krebserregend sind und für den Menschen krebserregend sein können (20 Arten, 5 bis 24).
Schwermetalle in anorganischen Pigmenten
Mit Ausnahme von Titandioxid, Ruß und Ultramarin enthalten alle anorganischen Pigmente Schwermetalle. Wie andere Stoffe auch, gelten Schwermetalle ab bestimmten Konzentrationen als gefährlich für Mensch und Umwelt. Das Vorhandensein von anderen Schwermetallen hängt von der Art und Form des Schwermetalls ab.
4.1 Schwermetall Chrom
Chromoxide enthalten entweder dreiwertiges oder sechswertiges Chrom, und ihre Auswirkungen sind sehr unterschiedlich. Sechswertige Chromverbindungen (Chromate) neigen stark dazu, sich unter Freisetzung von Sauerstoff in dreiwertige Chromverbindungen umzuwandeln, was zu starken oxidierenden und toxischen Wirkungen auf Organismen führt. Sie sind für Menschen, Tiere und Pflanzen bis zu 1.000 Mal giftiger als dreiwertige Chromverbindungen.
Bleichromat-Pigmente: Bleichromatpigmente enthalten Blei und sechswertiges Chrom, die beide chronische Gefahren bergen. Bleichromat ist eine schwerlösliche Bleiverbindung. Gelöstes Blei findet sich in Salzsäure und Magensäure in Konzentrationen, die zu einer Bleianreicherung im Körper führen. Die Aufnahme hoher Bleikonzentrationen kann die Hämoglobinsynthese stören. Als Vorsichtsmaßnahme hat die Europäische Union Bleichromat als Karzinogen der Kategorie 3 (Verdacht auf krebserregendes Potential) eingestuft.
Chromoxid-Pigmentgrün Chromoxid-Pigmentgrün enthält nur dreiwertiges Chrom. Unter natürlichen Bedingungen werden keine freien Chrompartikel aus dem Chromoxidpigment grün freigesetzt. Selbst unter stark sauren Bedingungen (pH = 1-2) wird nur eine geringe Menge (mg/kg) an Chrom (III) freigesetzt. Chrom(III)-oxid kann nur beim Erhitzen, insbesondere unter alkalischen Bedingungen, zu Chrom(VI) oxidiert werden.
4.2 Schwermetall Kadmium
Cadmium pigments are compounds with low solubility, but are soluble in dilute acid (at concentrations equivalent to gastric acid). Long-term oral ingestion of cadmium pigments can cause accumulation in the body. The European Commission has classified cadmium sulfide as a Class III carcinogen, but cadmium pigments are not included.
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