안녕하세요, 여러분! 저는 스타 직원입니다. 크로메클레어의 브랜드 헤마 프리 젤 광택제.
To meet product safety, environmental protection, and health requirements, materials and products using pigments must comply with regulatory requirements in countries and regions around the world. The most important and concerning of these are requirements for chemical substance control, particularly the chemical requirements for colorants, which are important additives in product materials. These requirements cover a wide range of consumer products, including toys, textile materials and accessories (such as zippers and buttons), cosmetics (such as nail polish and lipstick), electronic and electrical products, food containers and food contact materials or products, and automotive materials.
화학물질의 급성 독성
The most commonly used metric for measuring acute toxicity is the LD50 (lethal dose). LD50 stands for the median lethal dose. A simple definition is the dose required to cause death in 50% of a group of test animals, such as rats. The LD50 is expressed in mg/kg body weight. Lower LD50 values indicate a more potent poison; higher LD50 values indicate a less toxic poison. The European Union defines three acute toxicity categories (rat oral) for substances.
LD50 ≤ 25 mg/kg; extremely toxic
LD50 = 25-200 mg/kg; toxic
LD50 = 200-2000 mg/kg; harmful
Regarding the acute toxicity of colorants, a monograph reviewed 194 pigments and found that the majority had oral LD50 values greater than 5000 mg/kg, with no reported values below 2000 mg/kg. Considering that the oral LD50 value of table salt (NaCl) is 3000 mg/kg, this would be equivalent to an average-weight person ingesting 350g of pigment, which is unlikely. Therefore, the conclusion is that colorants generally have low acute toxicity. Pigments are typically excreted through the gastrointestinal tract, not through the urine.
유기 안료의 불순물
Organic pigments are widely used as colorants in plastic consumer products, cosmetics, toys, and food packaging. Therefore, in addition to the toxicological and ecological properties of the pure pigments, the potential for trace impurities generated during production must be considered, potentially impacting their use in these consumer products. Possible impurities are listed below.
(1) Certain heavy metal compounds Some organic pigments (C.I. Pigment Red 48:1) use heavy metal salts (barium) as pigments and are therefore not recommended for use in food packaging materials and toys.
(2) Aromatic amines Aromatic amines are only allowed to appear in very low amounts as components of pigment synthesis in organic pigments. For use in food contact packaging materials, the upper limit has been clearly defined: Aromatic primary amines: <500ppm (mg/kg, total amount); 4-aminobiphenyl, benzidine, 2-naphthylamine, 2-methyl-4-chloroaniline: <10ppm (mg/kg, total amount).
(3) Polychlorinated biphenyls Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are mainly harmful because their persistent residues in the environment are more harmful than to humans. In the EU, chemicals containing 50ppm or more of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) or PCTs are classified as polychlorinated biphenyls.
(4) Dioxins Pigment Violet 23 is prepared by condensing tetrachlorobenzoquinone with N-ethylcarbazole. During the synthesis process, a small amount of dioxins is inevitably formed.
비클로로비페닐 안료의 안전성
Yellow-orange organic pigments synthesized from 3,3-bischlorobenzidine (DCB) are important azo pigments. DCB pigments are a key component of plastic coloring due to their vibrant color, high tinting strength, and affordability. Examples include Pigment Yellow 13, 14, 17, 81, and 83, and Pigment Orange 13 and 34.
Concerns persist about whether DCB series pigments used in chemical fiber non-woven textile materials, clothing zippers and button accessories, and food packaging materials meet the safety requirements of domestic and international ecological and environmental regulations.
Bischlorobenzidine is a probable carcinogen. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classifies compounds into three categories based on their carcinogenicity: 1 – Carcinogenic to humans; 2A – Probably carcinogenic to humans; and 2B – Possibly carcinogenic to humans.
Bischlorobenzidine is a Category 2B carcinogen, and its carcinogenicity primarily occurs through the formation of adducts with nucleotides (DNA), leading to DNA mutagenesis. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are highly bioaccumulative and difficult to biodegrade, significantly damaging the human endocrine system. Consequently, strict international regulations exist. The European Union prohibits the use of products containing PCBs exceeding 10 mg/kg; the United States prohibits the production, processing, sale, and use of products containing PCBs exceeding 25 mg/kg. The International Association for Research and Testing of Textile Ecology (Oske-Tex Standard 100 Special Technical Conditions for General Machines) stipulates that the content of 24 aromatic amines shall not exceed 20 mg/kg, and DCB is listed among them, see Table 1.
표 1. 오에코텍스 표준 100에는 24가지 방향족 아민이 포함되어 있습니다.
일련 번호
이름
CAS 번호
일련 번호
이름
CAS 번호
1
4-아미노아닐린
92-67-1
13
3,3-디메틸-4,4-다이아미노디페닐메탄
838-88-0
2
벤지딘
92-87-5
14
2-메톡시-5-메틸아닐린
120-71-8
3
2-메틸-4-벤지딘
95-69-2
15
4,4-메틸렌비스(오-클로로아닐린)
101-14-4
4
2-나프틸아민
91-59-8
16
4,4-다이아미노디페닐 에테르
101-80-4
5
o-아미노아조톨루엔
97-56-3
17
4,4-디아미노디페닐설파이드
139-65-1
6
2- 아미노-4- 니트로톨루이딘
99-55-8
18
o-벤질아민
95-53-4
7
p-클로로아닐린
106-47-8
19
2,4-다이아미노톨루엔
95-80-7
8
2,4-다이아미노아니솔
615-05-4
20
2,4,5-트리메틸아닐린
137-17-7
9
4,4-다이아미노디페닐메탄
101-77-9
21
o-애니시딘
90-04-0
10
3,3-디클로로아닐린
91-94-1
22
2,4-디메틸아닐린
95-68-1
11
3,3-디메톡시벤지딘
119-90-4
23
2,6-디메틸아닐린
87-62-7
12
3,3-디메틸벤지딘
119-93-7
24
p-아미노아조벤젠
1960-9-3
참고: 카테고리 1: 인체에 발암성이 있는 방향족 아민(4종, 1~4);
카테고리 2: 동물에게는 발암성이며 인간에게도 발암 가능성이 있는 방향족 아민(20종, 5~24개).
무기 안료에 함유된 중금속
이산화티타늄, 카본 블랙, 울트라마린을 제외한 모든 무기 안료에는 중금속이 포함되어 있습니다. 다른 물질과 마찬가지로 중금속은 특정 농도 이상으로 존재할 경우 인체와 환경에 유해한 것으로 간주됩니다. 다른 중금속의 존재 여부는 중금속의 종류와 형태에 따라 다릅니다.
4.1 크롬 중금속
크롬 산화물은 3가 크롬 또는 6가 크롬을 함유하고 있으며 그 효과는 매우 다양합니다. 6가 크롬 화합물(크롬산염)은 3가 크롬 화합물로 변형되어 산소를 방출하는 경향이 강하기 때문에 유기체에 강력한 산화 및 독성 영향을 미칩니다. 3가 크롬 화합물보다 사람, 동물, 식물에 대한 독성이 최대 1,000배 더 높습니다.
납 크로메이트 안료: 납크롬산염 안료에는 납과 6가 크롬이 포함되어 있으며, 둘 다 만성적인 위험성을 가지고 있습니다. 납 크로메이트는 용해도가 낮은 납 화합물입니다. 용해된 납은 체내 납 축적을 유발하는 농도로 염산과 위산에서 발견됩니다. 높은 수준의 납을 섭취하면 헤모글로빈 합성을 방해할 수 있습니다. 예방 조치로 유럽연합은 크롬산염 납을 3등급 발암 물질(발암 가능성이 의심되는 물질)로 분류했습니다.
크롬 산화물 안료 녹색 크롬 산화물 안료 녹색에는 3가 크롬만 포함되어 있습니다. 자연 조건에서는 산화 크롬 안료 녹색에서 유리 크롬 입자가 방출되지 않습니다. 강산성 조건(pH = 1-2)에서도 소량(mg/kg)의 크롬(III)만 방출됩니다. 크롬(III) 산화물은 특히 알칼리성 조건에서 열을 가하면 크롬(VI)으로만 산화될 수 있습니다.
4.2 카드뮴 중금속
Cadmium pigments are compounds with low solubility, but are soluble in dilute acid (at concentrations equivalent to gastric acid). Long-term oral ingestion of cadmium pigments can cause accumulation in the body. The European Commission has classified cadmium sulfide as a Class III carcinogen, but cadmium pigments are not included.
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